summer assignment instructions and ions

AP Chemistry Summer Assignment

The summer assignment for AP Chemistry consists of three chapter review assignments from your AP Textbook (attached).  You are not to write in these books.  You are free to take the diagnostic and practice tests in the book and on the CD that is included at any time.  You are assigned Diagnostic Test 1 this summer to get a taste of what is in store for you.  We will be doing many of them throughout the year, but what work you put in to studying the material is what will determine your ultimate score on the AP Exam.  There are homework assignments for each chapter that you will need to turn in to my mailbox over the summer at school or mail them to me (3540 Public Well Street) or school (309 S. Main Street) postmarked by the due date  and write questions on your homework so I can see it and get back with you if needed.  My cell is 217-264-0467 and my e-mail is: blockb@pchs.k12.il.us.  I will ask for your cell to text you reminders and communicate with you throughout the year.   You will also need to master the formulas, charges, and names of the attached common ions.  On quizzes, you will need to:

• write the names of these ions when given the formula and charge

• write the formula and charge when given the names

I have included several resources in this packet. First, there is a list of the ions that you must know for the course. This list also has, on the back, some suggestions for making the process of memorization easier. For instance, many of you will remember that most of the monatomic ions have charges that are directly related to their placement on the periodic table. Main groups I, II, III, and IV elements usually form ions of +1, +2, +3, and +4 respectively.  Main groups V, VI, and VII usually from -3, -2, and -1 ions respectively.  Main group 8 does not usually form ions and the transition elements usually form a +2 ion unless otherwise given a Roman Numeral or –ous/-ic ending to help you out.  There are naming patterns that greatly simplify the learning of the polyatomic ions as well.  You will be quizzed on these ions the first week of school and throughout the year on dailies (daily quizzies) for a grade.

Also included is a copy of the periodic table used in AP Chemistry.  The AP table is the same that the College Board allows you to use on the AP Chemistry test.  Notice that it has the symbols of the elements but not the written names. Therefore, you must also recognize all the elements by symbol and match to name.  This will be another quiz.

I have included a sheet of flashcards for the polyatomic ions to help you learn. I strongly suggest that you cut them out and begin memorizing them immediately.  Do not let the fact that there are no flashcards for monatomic ions suggest to you that the monatomic ions are not important. They are every bit as important as the polyatomic ions. If you have trouble identifying the charge of monatomic ions (or the naming system) then I suggest that you make yourself some flashcards for those as well.  Chloride is Cl^- for example and aluminum is Al ⁺³.

Doubtless, there will be some students who are losers and will not get there summer work in on time.  The grade will suffer and go down 10% each day that it is late.  All research on human memory shows us that frequent, short periods of study, spread over long periods of time will produce much greater retention than long periods of study of a short period of time. There are a series of bozeman education videos that you will be required to watch as well.

Name of Ion:	Symbol/Charge of Ion:
Sulfite	SO3 -2
Sulfate	SO4 -2
Hydrogen sulfate = bisulfate	HSO4 -
Phosphate	PO4 -3
Dihydrogen phosphate	H2PO4 -
Hydrogen phosphate	HPO4 -2
Nitrite	NO2 -
Nitrate	NO3 -
Ammonium	NH4 +
thiocyanate	SCN – or NCS -
Carbonate	CO3 -2
Hydrogen carbonate = bicarbonate	HCO3 -
Borate	BO3 -3
Chromate	CrO4 -2
Dichromate	Cr2O7 -2
Permanganate	MnO4 -
Oxalate	C2O4 -2
Amide	NH2 -
Hydroxide	OH -
Cyanide	CN -
Acetate	C2H3O2 – or CH3COO -
Peroxide	O2  -2
Hypochlorite	ClO -
Chlorite	ClO2 -
Chlorate	ClO3 -
Perchlorate	ClO4 -
Thiosulfate	S2O3 -2
Hypobromite	BrO -
Bromite	BrO2 -
Bromate	BrO3 -
Perbromate	BrO4 -
Hypoiodite	IO -
Iodite	IO2 -
Iodate	IO3 -
Periodate	IO4 -

bozeman assignment

BOZEMAN ASSIGNMENT

Over the course of the year, we will be watching a friend of mine, Paul Andersen, in his review series found on bozemanscience.com.

Your job this summer is to watch the following AP Chemistry videos in the "Big Idea 1 - Atoms and Elements" category and write 5 questions for each of the videos.  These questions are to ensure that next year's class watches the videos.  They should be based on the entire video, taken from all parts of the video, and spaced out so the kid has time to answer it.  You are doing me a HUGE favor here by creating these questions.  I hope that you take it seriously.  I will also be watching them this summer and making my own questions.  With your help, I will be compiling questions to give to next year's AP class.  There are 12 videos.  You need to watch the first four in June, the second four in July, and the last four in August.  The questions need to be included in those homework assignments for that month.

HOMEWORK NEEDS TO BE DROPPED OFF AT THE SCHOOL OR MAILED TO MY HOME ADDRESS (3540 PUBLIC WELL STREET PARIS IL 61944) OR TO THE SCHOOL (309 S. MAIN STREET) POSTMARKED BY THE DUE DATE.  MY CELL IS 217-264-0467.

Big Idea 1:  Atoms & Elements

JUNE ASSIGNMENT due June 30th:

1 - Molecules & Elements
2 - Chemical Analysis
3 - The Mole
4 - Coulomb's Law

JULY ASSIGNMENT due July 31st:

5 - Electron Configuration
6 - Periodicity

7 - Quantum Mechanical Model
8 - Atomic Models

AUGUST ASSIGNMENT due August 31st at the latest:

9 - Mass Spectrometry
10 - Light & Matter
11 - Symbolic Representations
12 - Conservation of Atoms

August Homework

AUGUST HOMEWORK SET #3                   Name:

CHAPTER 3 – Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 3 Book Assignments:  52 pts

Assignment:	Due Date	Your pts/total
Read pages 119-130
Outline Ch 3:  nuclear chemistry		/10
Answer exercise 3.1 page 122		/5
Answer example 3.1 and 3.2 page 127		/5
Answer example 3.3 page 128		/2
Answer Block’s summary sheet		/30

Chapter 3 Homework Assignments: 87 pts 

Assignment:	Your pts/total
Natural and Artificial Radioisotopes List	/19
AP Nuclear Example Problems	/30
AP Practice exercises #1-14 pages 131-133	/14
AP free-response page 133	/10
Crib Notes	/14

TOTAL POINTS:        /139 pts

Block’s Summary Sheet:  Chapter 3:  Nuclear Chemistry  30 pts

1.      List the five subatomic particles with their symbols, representations, masses, and charges. (10 pts)

2.    Define and distinguish between the gamma and x-ray. (3 pts)

3.    Give 4 verbs indicating the particle goes on the product side after the yields arrow and the 4 verbs indicating it goes on the reactant side. (7 pts)

4.    What are the “naturally radioactive” elements? (1)

5.    What are the “transuranium” elements? (1)

6.    What does “dps” stand for? (1)

7.    Give the formula for the rate of radioactive decay and note on formula sheet.  What do the variables stand for? (3)

8.    What is “critical mass”? (1)

9.    List 2 ways to moderate a fission reaction. (2)

10.  List the fusion reaction. (1)

AP Nuclear Example Problems                                Name:

30 points

1.  Uranium-238 decays by alpha emission.  Write a balanced equation for this nuclear decay: (3 pts)

2.  Bromine-82 decays by beta emission.  Write a balanced equation for this nuclear reaction: (3 pts)

3.  Oxygen-15 decays by positron emission.  Write a balanced equation for this nuclear reaction: (3 pts)

4.  Potassium-40 captures an electron. Write a balanced equation for this nuclear reaction:

(3 pts)

5.  Phosphorus-32 is a radioactive isotope that has a half-life of 14.28 days and is used in treating leukemia patients.  Starting with 45.0 grams of P-32, how many grams would be left after 35.0 days? (5 pts)  SHOW THE FORMULA YOU WILL USE:

9.  Fission:  Uranium-235 is hit with a neutron to produce strontium-90,  xenon 143, and three neutrons.  Write the equation here:

6.  Fusion:  when 2 HYDROGEN nuclei (tritium H-3 and deuterium H-2) combine to produce a HELIUM He-4 nucleus, a neutron, and lots of ENERGY.  Write the equation here: (3 pts)

7.  Consider C-14- predict what type of decay will occur, giving a reason and the equation. 

(3 pts)

Type of Decay:

Reason:

Equation:

8.  Consider C-11- predict what type of decay will occur, giving a reason and the equation. 

(3 pts)

Type of Decay:

Reason:

Equation:

9.  What type of decay will occur for Bi-189?  WHY? (2 pts)

10.  What type of decay will occur for Cf – 252?  WHY? (2 pts)

Crib Notes Ch 3 – NUCLEAR Chemistry                  Name:

14 pts

Types of nuclear decay:

1.  Alpha emission:  loses 4 mass, loses 2 number, produces a helium nucleus (helium atom without the 2 electrons, which makes it charged)

4 He

2

2.  Beta emission:  mass stays the same, gains one atomic number, produces an “electron”

 0

-1 e^-

3.  positron emission:  mass stays the same, atomic number goes down by one, produces a positron

0

           +1 e⁺

4.  electron capture:  usually a 1s electron is captured as it is closest to the nucleus, mass stays the same, atomic number goes down by one, add an electron to the reactant side, produces energy (hv)

0

            -1 e^-

5.  gamma rays:  similar to x-rays having no charge and not mass, the nucleus loses energy during gamma ray emission, travel at the speed of light, great penetrating power, but less ionizing power than a beta particle…

Penetrating power:  alpha< beta < neutron < gamma      neutron = _________ ?

HALF-LIFE:

Half-life is a first order kinetics reaction meaning that the rate of reaction is proportional to the concentration of one of the reactants

N = N_o (1/2)^T/H                                             ln (N_o ) = kt

                                                                                N

N = amount left in grams

N_o = initial amount in grams

T = total time

H = half-life

t _½ = 0.693      k = rate constant

              k

Predicting stability and what type of decay an isotope will undergo:

1.  elements with atomic # > 60 undergo alpha decay (check the isotope’s mass though***)

2.  elements with atomic # > 90 undergo spontaneous fission  (= neutrons given off)

3.  Calculating stability using neutron to proton ratio:

                                   

                                    (atomic mass – atomic number)

                                                atomic number

4.  usually, the lower the ratio (closer to one), the more stable the isotope

5.  elements less than 83 are more stable than those beyond Bi

6.  compare the isotope’s mass with the “normal” mass off the Periodic Table – the

normal mass is more stable              

                                                             

a.  if the isotope’s mass < normal

- positron emission if the mass is “light”

- electron capture if the mass is “heavy”

b.  if the isotope’s mass > normal, electron (beta) emission *** common

7. nuclei with an even number of protons or neutrons tend to be more stable than

those with an odd number WHEN comparing two elements close together

8.  Certain numbers of protons and neutrons appear to be VERY stable magic

Numbers:  2,8,20,28,50,82,126

Answer the following about fission and fusion (14 pts):

FISSION of U-235:

1.  U-235 and a neutron produce Br-87 and La– 146 and 3 neutrons:

2.  U-235 and a neutron produce Ba-139 and Kr-94 and 3 neutrons:

FUSION:  tritium and deuterium yield a helium atom and a neutron:

Natural and Artificial Radioisotopes List            Name:

19 points

Name of isotope:	Use of isotope:
Rn-222 (natural) p.124
Ra-226 (natural) p.124
U-238 (natural) p.124
K-40 (natural) p.124
H-3
C-11
C-14
Na-24
P-32
Cr-51
Co-57
Fe-59
Co-60
I-131
Gd-153
Ra-226
U-235
Ir-192
Am-241