Kaitlin puts the snowball into her hand...
she juggles it as Paige looks on....
Naturally she drops it...
Kennedy gives it a try...
So does Alejandro...
Payton and Kristian play with their snowballs...
Sunday, March 15, 2015
AP Chemistry makes snowballs on FIRE!!!
Using a supersaturated solution of calcium acetate, students then drop it into ethanol and light it to make a snowball on fire!!
lesson plans March 15-20
Chemistry I Lesson Plans March
16-20
Monday:
1. notes on forces
2. Penny Lab due Friday – no
formal lab report
3. naming and writing 3 due
tomorrow
4. quiz Weds. over naming acids
Tuesday:
1. grade writing 3
2. quiz on naming acids
3. quiz tomorrow on naming ionic
and covalent molecules
4. finish Penny Lab
5. naming and writing review due
Friday
Wednesday:
1. quiz over acids back
2. grade naming 3
3. quiz over naming and writing
4. notes over Lewis structures
Thursday:
1. quiz over naming and writing
back
2. notes over Lewis structures
Friday:
1. Penny Lab due
2. grade naming and writing
review
3. test on Tuesday
4. continue notes
Adv. Chemistry Lesson Plans
March 16-20
Monday:
1. heat of fusion/vaporization quiz back
2. cool reaction labs back
3. snowball on fire labs due
4. entropy notes
5. entropy worksheet due Weds
6. quiz over entropy Weds
Tuesday:
1. notes on Gibbs Free Energy
2. free energy worksheet due
Friday
3. quiz over it Friday
Wednesday:
1. grade entropy worksheet
2. quiz over entropy
3. free energy worksheet due
Friday
4. continue notes
Thursday:
1. free energy worksheet due
tomorrow
2. quiz over free energy
tomorrow
3. thermodynamics in a bag lab
Friday:
1. grade free energy worksheet
2. quiz over it
3. finish lab – due Tuesday
4. thermochemistry review due
Tuesday
5. Test on Friday over
Thermodynamics
AP Chemistry Lesson Plans March
16-20
Monday:
1. heat of fusion/vaporization worksheet
– go over/quiz tomorrow
2. cool reaction labs back
3. snowball on fire labs due
4. entropy notes
5. entropy worksheet due Weds
6. quiz over entropy Weds
Tuesday:
1. HOF/HOV quiz
2. notes on Gibbs Free Energy
3. free energy worksheet due
Friday
4. quiz over it Friday
Wednesday:
1. grade entropy worksheet
2. quiz over entropy
3. free energy worksheet due
Friday
4. continue notes
Thursday:
1. free energy worksheet due
tomorrow
2. quiz over free energy
tomorrow
3. thermodynamics in a bag lab
Friday:
1. grade free energy worksheet
2. quiz over it
3. finish lab – due Tuesday
4. thermochemistry review due
Tuesday
5. Test on Friday over
Thermodynamics
Saturday, March 7, 2015
Lesson Plans for March 9 - 13
Chemistry I Lesson Plans March
9-13
Monday:
1. Grade
naming #1
2. Writing
#1 due
3. Naming
and writing #2 due tomorrow
4. Finish
Penny Lab if needed
5. Writing
3 due tomorrow
6. Quiz
tomorrow over naming and drawing
7. Notes
on bond types and Lewis Structures
Tuesday:
1. Grade
writing #1
2. Ionic
Bonding Lab – labs due Tuesday with turnitin by Weds midnight
Weds:
1. Grade naming #2
2. Quiz over naming
and writing compounds 1
3. finish lab if
needed
4. naming and
writing #3 due Friday
Thursday:
- Quiz 1 back
- Notes over bonding
- Penny Lab if time
Friday:
- Grade naming #3
- Penny Lab
- Writing #3 due
- Quiz Monday over naming and writing
compounds 2
Adv. Chemistry Lesson Plans
March 9-13
Monday:
1. enthalpy quiz back
2. finish notes on heat of
formation and heat of vaporization
3. worksheet over HOF and HOV due
Weds
Tuesday:
1. heat of neutralization notes
2. worksheet over it due
Thursday
Weds:
1. grade HOF and HOV worksheet
2. quiz over it tomorrow
3. entropy notes
4. quiz over entropy Friday
Thursday:
1. quiz over HOV and HOF
2. entropy worksheet due
tomorrow
3. entropy quiz tomorrow
4. turn in heat of
neutralization worksheet
Friday:
1. quiz back
2. grade entropy worksheet
3. entropy quiz
AP Chemistry Lesson Plans March
9-13
Monday:
1. grade specific heat worksheet
2. quiz tomorrow over it
3. notes on heat of formation
and heat of vaporization
Tuesday:
1. specific heat quiz
2. finish notes on heat of
formation and heat of vaporization
3. worksheet over HOF and HOV due
Thursday
4. quiz over enthalpy tomorrow
Weds:
1. quiz back over specific heat
2. HOF and HOV worksheet due
tomorrow
3. quiz over enthalpy
Thursday:
1. enthalpy quiz back
2. grade HOV and HOF worksheet
3. quiz over HOF and HOV tomorrow
Friday:
1. quiz over HOF and HOV
2. notes over entropy
3. entropy worksheet due Tuesday
4. thermochemistry AP hmwk due
Friday 3/20
Thursday, March 5, 2015
March 2-6 Lesson Plans
Chemistry I Lesson Plans for 3/2
- 3/6
Monday:
1. grade electronegativity
homework
2. finish notes on naming
covalent compounds
3. electrolyte lab due tomorrow
4. both columns of ion worksheet
due Weds
5. ionic I and II worksheet due
Thursday
6. writing #1 due Friday
7. alkali metals lab reports
back
Tuesday: ACT testing for
Juniors in morning thru lunch
1. finish electrolyte lab
2. finish ion worksheet
3. finish ionic I and II
4. finish writing #1
Weds: PSAE testing for
Juniors in morning thru lunch
1. finish electrolyte lab
2. finish ion worksheet
3. finish ionic I and II
4. finish writing #1
Thursday:
1. grade ion worksheet both
columns
2. writing #1 due tomorrow
3. naming #1 due Monday
4. writing #2 due Tuesday
5. naming #2 due Tuesday
Friday:
1. grade ionic I and II
2. quiz over it
3. turn in writing #1
4. naming #1 due Monday
5. naming and writing #2 due
Tuesday
Adv. Chemistry Lesson Plans for
3/2 - 3/6
Monday:
1. specific heat quiz back
2. Cool Reaction Lab - reports,
data table, graph, and paragraph due Friday
3. heats of formation homework
due Thursday
4. heats of formation quiz on
Thursday
Tuesday and Wednesday:
ACT and Work Keys
Thursday:
1. grade heats of formation
homework
2. quiz over it
Friday:
1. heats of formation quiz back
2. notes on change of state
3. heats of vaporization
homework due Tuesday
AP Chemistry Lesson Plans for
3/2 - 3/6
Monday:
1. electrochemistry test back
2. notes on specific heat
Tuesday: thermodynamics
lab - due Friday
Weds:
1. thermodynamics notes from AP
book
2. specific heat worksheet
Thursday: Labs at St.
Mary's School - meet at 8 am there
Friday:
1. finish notes on specific heat
and changes in state
2. finish specific heat worksheet
3. quiz over it Monday
Sunday, February 22, 2015
Lesson Plans for Feb 23-27
Chemistry I Lesson Plans Feb 23 - 27
Monday:
- Grade alkali metals sheet
- Periodic Properties Review due tomorrow
- Quiz over it tomorrow
- Lab reports due Weds with turnitin due Sunday midnight
- Start ch 6 notes on naming ions and electronegativity
- Worksheet side I first column due tomorrow
- Bending water demo
Tuesday:
- Grade Periodic Properties Review
- Quiz over it
- Lab reports due Weds with turnitin due Sunday midnight
- Continue notes on bonding
- Electronegativity worksheet due Thursday
- Naming and Writing #1 due Friday
Weds:
- Lab reports due with turnitin due Sunday midnight
2. Finish up ion
sheet
3. Continue notes
on bonding
4. Naming and
Ionic #1 due Friday
5. Naming and
Ionic #2 due Monday
6.
Thursday:
1. Electronegativity worksheet due
2. Electrolyte
demo lab
3. Naming and
Ionic #1 due Friday
4. Naming and
Ionic #2 due Monday
5. Continue notes
6.
Friday:
- Grade #1
- #2 due Monday
- Naming #3 due Tuesday
- Continue notes
- Pre-lab for Ionic
Bonding Lab
Adv. Chemistry Lesson Plans Feb 23 - 27
Monday:
1. Notes on
Specific Heat
2. Specific Heat
worksheet due Weds
3. Mpemba article
and worksheet due Weds
Tuesday:
1. notes on heat
capacity and enthalpy
2. practice
problems on Hess’s Law
3. Mpemba
article and worksheet due Weds
Weds:
1. Grade Mpemba
article and specific heat worksheet
2.
Continue notes on enthalpy and Hess’s Law
3. Pre-lab for
tomorrow
Thursday: Cool Reaction Lab – due Monday
Friday:
1. Continue
notes and problems over Hess’ Law
2.
Finish lab questions
3. Thermochemistry
hmwk sheet due Tuesday
AP Chemistry I Lesson Plans Feb 23 - 27
Monday:
1. Grade
Electrochemistry Review
2. Test tomorrow
3. Notes on
Specific Heat
4. Specific Heat
worksheet due Weds
Tuesday:
1. Electrochemistry
Test
2.
Mpemba article and worksheet due Thursday
Weds:
1. notes
on heat capacity and enthalpy
2. practice
problems on Hess’s Law
3. Grade
specific heat worksheet
4. Continue
notes on enthalpy and Hess’s Law
5. Pre-lab
for tomorrow
Thursday: Cool Reaction Lab – due Monday
Friday:
1. Continue
notes and problems over Hess’ Law
2.
Finish lab questions
3. Thermochemistry
hmwk sheet due Tuesday
Friday, February 20, 2015
The Majorana neutrino is discovered!!!!
A new particle
Such splitting would depend on the presence of a theorized particle that has gone undetected so far: a so-called heavy Majorana neutrino. Neutrinos are fundamental particles that come in three flavors (electron, muon and tau). A fourth neutrino might also exist, however, that is expected to be much heavier than the others and thus more difficult to detect (because the heavier a particle is, the more energy a collider must produce to create it). This particle would have the strange virtue of being its own antimatter partner. Instead of a matter and antimatter version of the particle, the matter and antimatter Majorana neutrinos would be one and the same.
This two-faced quality would have made neutrinos into a bridge that allowed matter particles to cross over into antimatter particles and vice versa in the early universe. Quantum laws allow particles to transform into other particles for brief moments of time. Normally they are forbidden from converting between matter and antimatter. But if an antimatter particle, say, an antielectron neutrino turned into a Majorana neutrino, it would cease to know whether it was matter or antimatter and could then just as easily convert to a regular electron neutrino as turn back into its original antielectron neutrino self. And if the neutrino happened to be lighter than the antineutrino back then, because of the varying Higgs field, then the neutrino would have been a more likely outcome—potentially giving matter a leg up on antimatter.
“If true, this would solve a big mystery in particle physics,” says physicist Don Lincoln of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Illinois, who was not involved in the study. Yet the Majorana neutrino “is entirely speculative and has eluded discovery, even though the LHC experiments have a vigorous research program looking for it. Researchers will certainly keep this idea in mind as they dig through the new data the LHC will begin generating in the early summer this year.”
Kusenko and his colleagues also have another hope for finding additional support for their theory. The Higgs field process they envision could have created magnetic fields with particular properties that would still inhabit the universe today—and if so, they might be detectable. If found, the existence of such fields would provide evidence that the Higgs field really did decrease in value long ago. The scientists are trying to calculate just what the magnetic field properties would be and whether experiments have a plausible hope of seeing them, but the option raises the tantalizing hope that their theory could have testable consequences—and maybe a chance to solve the antimatter mystery after all.
Such splitting would depend on the presence of a theorized particle that has gone undetected so far: a so-called heavy Majorana neutrino. Neutrinos are fundamental particles that come in three flavors (electron, muon and tau). A fourth neutrino might also exist, however, that is expected to be much heavier than the others and thus more difficult to detect (because the heavier a particle is, the more energy a collider must produce to create it). This particle would have the strange virtue of being its own antimatter partner. Instead of a matter and antimatter version of the particle, the matter and antimatter Majorana neutrinos would be one and the same.
This two-faced quality would have made neutrinos into a bridge that allowed matter particles to cross over into antimatter particles and vice versa in the early universe. Quantum laws allow particles to transform into other particles for brief moments of time. Normally they are forbidden from converting between matter and antimatter. But if an antimatter particle, say, an antielectron neutrino turned into a Majorana neutrino, it would cease to know whether it was matter or antimatter and could then just as easily convert to a regular electron neutrino as turn back into its original antielectron neutrino self. And if the neutrino happened to be lighter than the antineutrino back then, because of the varying Higgs field, then the neutrino would have been a more likely outcome—potentially giving matter a leg up on antimatter.
“If true, this would solve a big mystery in particle physics,” says physicist Don Lincoln of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Illinois, who was not involved in the study. Yet the Majorana neutrino “is entirely speculative and has eluded discovery, even though the LHC experiments have a vigorous research program looking for it. Researchers will certainly keep this idea in mind as they dig through the new data the LHC will begin generating in the early summer this year.”
Kusenko and his colleagues also have another hope for finding additional support for their theory. The Higgs field process they envision could have created magnetic fields with particular properties that would still inhabit the universe today—and if so, they might be detectable. If found, the existence of such fields would provide evidence that the Higgs field really did decrease in value long ago. The scientists are trying to calculate just what the magnetic field properties would be and whether experiments have a plausible hope of seeing them, but the option raises the tantalizing hope that their theory could have testable consequences—and maybe a chance to solve the antimatter mystery after all.
NEW LARGE HADRON COLLIDER EXPERIMENTS DONE AT CERN!!!
Baryons discovered! Woo Hoo!
Two new particles
made of exotic types of quarks have appeared inside the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva,
Switzerland. The particles are never-before-seen species of baryons—a category
of particles that also includes the familiar protons and neutrons inside atoms.
The new baryons had been long predicted to exist, but their specific
characteristics, such as their mass, were unknown until they were discovered in
the flesh. The new measurements serve to confirm and refine the existing theory
of subatomic particles and help pave the way for a deeper theory that could
include even more exotic particles.
Scientists at the collider’s Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) experiment reported the discovery of the baryons, called Xib'- and Xib*- (pronounced “zi-b-prime” and “zi-b-star”), February 10 in Physical Review Letters. (They posted a preprint of their paper in November on the arXiv server.) “These were two things that very much should have existed,” says Matthew Charles of Paris 6 University Pierre and Marie Curie, a co-author of the study. “Of course, you still have to check because every now and then you get a surprise.” Both particles contain one beauty, or b, quark, one strange quark and one down quark. What differentiates these particles from one another, and from one other conglomeration of the same three types of quarks that was previously found at the LHC, is the arrangement of the quarks' spins.
Quantum spin
Spin is one of the basic quantum characteristics intrinsic to any particle, and comes in unitless, discrete amounts. All quarks have a spin of one half. When two quarks inside the same particle are spinning in the same direction, their spins add together; when they rotate in opposite directions their spins cancel out. Spins are like magnets in that like repels like, so quarks prefer to spin in opposite directions. Extra energy is needed to align two quarks to spin in the same direction. The lowest-energy configuration of a Xib particle is for the two lightest quarks (the down and strange) to be antialigned, with their spins canceling out to zero, and the heavy b quark spinning in either direction, adding another one-half spin for a total spin of one half. That ground state, called Xib*0, was found at the LHC in 2012.
The two newfound baryons are higher-energy configurations. Both have the lightest two quarks spinning in parallel, adding to a combined spin of 1. Xib'- has its b quark spinning opposite those two, giving the particle a total spin of one half (from 1 minus one-half). In Xib* the spin of all three quarks is aligned, giving it a total spin of 1 and a half. This triple alignment requires the most energy of any configuration, causing Xib* to be the heaviest of the three states.
Before the particles were discovered, physicists had estimated their masses based on a theory called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which describes the strong force—one of the four fundamental forces of nature—that is responsible for binding quarks together. The strong force is carried by particles called gluons, so inside any particle held together by the strong force there will also be gluons. And in addition to the main quarks and gluons “virtual” pairs of quarks and antiquarks (the antimatter counterpart of quarks) continuously pop into and out of existence. This particle zoo makes calculations based on QCD incredibly difficult, to the point that mass estimates can only be accomplished using powerful supercomputers running complex simulations that aim to take all of the constituents of the particle into account. “We supposedly have a theory that tells us how these particles are supposed to behave and in principle it should open new doors. But in practice, our ability to calculate is quite limited,” says Frank Wilczek, a theoretical physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who won the Nobel Prize for helping to formulate QCD.
The new LHCb measurements agree with the best QCD predictions of the Xib masses. “This is a validation that the theoretical approach is the correct one and that we have the calculation under control,” says theorist Richard Woloshyn of the Canadian particle physics laboratory TRIUMF, who published a prediction of the Xib masses in 2009. The measurements will serve as new data points to anchor down the theory. “We need more examples to test out computational methods and explore what the different methods can teach us,” Wilczek says. “This system will help us to refine those techniques.”
Testing the standard model
So far, the newfound baryons behave according to QCD and to the larger “standard model” of physics, which describes all the known particles in the universe. Yet scientists know that the standard model cannot be the final word, because it does not account for dark matter—the invisible material that seems to dwarf normal matter in the cosmos. By making increasingly precise measurements of all the predictions of the standard model, researchers hope eventually to find cracks that lead the way to a larger theory to supersede it. “These two particles themselves are perfectly standard-model and expected,” Charles says, “but we’re hoping that we will be able to build on these in the long run to move beyond the standard model.”
The Xib particles, like all new species discovered at the LHC (including the famedHiggs boson), arose in the aftermath of collisions between speeding protons inside the accelerator’s 27-kilometer underground ring. When the protons disintegrate, their mass and energy is converted into new particles. The higher a collision's energy, the more massive newly appearing particles can be. This spring the LHC will rev up again at higher energies than ever before, following a two-year hiatus for upgrades. Those higher energies should allow more and heavier particles to arise than earlier runs saw, potentially revealing exotic particles that finally push the bounds of the standard model.
Scientists at the collider’s Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) experiment reported the discovery of the baryons, called Xib'- and Xib*- (pronounced “zi-b-prime” and “zi-b-star”), February 10 in Physical Review Letters. (They posted a preprint of their paper in November on the arXiv server.) “These were two things that very much should have existed,” says Matthew Charles of Paris 6 University Pierre and Marie Curie, a co-author of the study. “Of course, you still have to check because every now and then you get a surprise.” Both particles contain one beauty, or b, quark, one strange quark and one down quark. What differentiates these particles from one another, and from one other conglomeration of the same three types of quarks that was previously found at the LHC, is the arrangement of the quarks' spins.
Quantum spin
Spin is one of the basic quantum characteristics intrinsic to any particle, and comes in unitless, discrete amounts. All quarks have a spin of one half. When two quarks inside the same particle are spinning in the same direction, their spins add together; when they rotate in opposite directions their spins cancel out. Spins are like magnets in that like repels like, so quarks prefer to spin in opposite directions. Extra energy is needed to align two quarks to spin in the same direction. The lowest-energy configuration of a Xib particle is for the two lightest quarks (the down and strange) to be antialigned, with their spins canceling out to zero, and the heavy b quark spinning in either direction, adding another one-half spin for a total spin of one half. That ground state, called Xib*0, was found at the LHC in 2012.
The two newfound baryons are higher-energy configurations. Both have the lightest two quarks spinning in parallel, adding to a combined spin of 1. Xib'- has its b quark spinning opposite those two, giving the particle a total spin of one half (from 1 minus one-half). In Xib* the spin of all three quarks is aligned, giving it a total spin of 1 and a half. This triple alignment requires the most energy of any configuration, causing Xib* to be the heaviest of the three states.
Before the particles were discovered, physicists had estimated their masses based on a theory called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which describes the strong force—one of the four fundamental forces of nature—that is responsible for binding quarks together. The strong force is carried by particles called gluons, so inside any particle held together by the strong force there will also be gluons. And in addition to the main quarks and gluons “virtual” pairs of quarks and antiquarks (the antimatter counterpart of quarks) continuously pop into and out of existence. This particle zoo makes calculations based on QCD incredibly difficult, to the point that mass estimates can only be accomplished using powerful supercomputers running complex simulations that aim to take all of the constituents of the particle into account. “We supposedly have a theory that tells us how these particles are supposed to behave and in principle it should open new doors. But in practice, our ability to calculate is quite limited,” says Frank Wilczek, a theoretical physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who won the Nobel Prize for helping to formulate QCD.
The new LHCb measurements agree with the best QCD predictions of the Xib masses. “This is a validation that the theoretical approach is the correct one and that we have the calculation under control,” says theorist Richard Woloshyn of the Canadian particle physics laboratory TRIUMF, who published a prediction of the Xib masses in 2009. The measurements will serve as new data points to anchor down the theory. “We need more examples to test out computational methods and explore what the different methods can teach us,” Wilczek says. “This system will help us to refine those techniques.”
Testing the standard model
So far, the newfound baryons behave according to QCD and to the larger “standard model” of physics, which describes all the known particles in the universe. Yet scientists know that the standard model cannot be the final word, because it does not account for dark matter—the invisible material that seems to dwarf normal matter in the cosmos. By making increasingly precise measurements of all the predictions of the standard model, researchers hope eventually to find cracks that lead the way to a larger theory to supersede it. “These two particles themselves are perfectly standard-model and expected,” Charles says, “but we’re hoping that we will be able to build on these in the long run to move beyond the standard model.”
The Xib particles, like all new species discovered at the LHC (including the famedHiggs boson), arose in the aftermath of collisions between speeding protons inside the accelerator’s 27-kilometer underground ring. When the protons disintegrate, their mass and energy is converted into new particles. The higher a collision's energy, the more massive newly appearing particles can be. This spring the LHC will rev up again at higher energies than ever before, following a two-year hiatus for upgrades. Those higher energies should allow more and heavier particles to arise than earlier runs saw, potentially revealing exotic particles that finally push the bounds of the standard model.
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